Risks include urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, infection, and bleeding. These risks vary depending on the patient’s overall health and the surgical technique used.

Symptoms may include confusion, fatigue, weakness, and in severe cases, coma.

Treatment involves reducing ammonia levels through medications and dietary changes.

Yes, certain medications, especially those metabolised by the liver, can influence ammonia levels.

Liver disease, kidney dysfunction, and urea cycle disorders can impact ammonia metabolism.

A blood sample is drawn from a vein in the arm and sent to a laboratory for analysis.

Recovery includes managing pain, following post-operative care instructions, and undergoing rehabilitation for speech and swallowing if needed. Follow-up visits are crucial for monitoring progress.