Risks include infection, bleeding, changes in hormone levels, and potential impacts on sexual health and urinary function.

HBsAg is a surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus, detected in the blood during HBV infection.

Individuals at risk of HBV infection or needing routine screening should undergo this test.

No, the test involves a simple blood draw, which may cause slight discomfort but is generally well-tolerated.

A positive result indicates the presence of HBV infection.

No, additional tests may be required to distinguish between acute and chronic infection.

Chronic kidney disease is a long-term condition where the kidneys gradually lose function over time, leading to waste buildup in the body.

Common causes include diabetes, high blood pressure, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, and recurrent kidney infections.

Symptoms may include fatigue, swelling in ankles and feet, nausea, shortness of breath, confusion, and decreased urine output.

Diagnosis is made through blood tests, urine tests, imaging studies, and sometimes a kidney biopsy to assess kidney function and damage.

Treatments include medications to manage symptoms, lifestyle changes, dialysis, and in severe cases, kidney transplantation.