A high ratio may indicate proteinuria, which can be a sign of kidney damage or disease.

No special preparation is typically required, but it’s important to inform your healthcare provider about any medications you are taking.

A urine sample is collected in a clean container. No fasting or special dietary restrictions are needed.

The test is highly accurate in assessing kidney function and detecting proteinuria when performed correctly.

Abnormal results should be discussed with your healthcare provider, who will recommend further tests or treatment based on your overall health and symptoms.

Cystoscopy surgery involves using a cystoscope to examine the bladder and urethra, allowing for diagnosis and treatment of bladder conditions.

AV fistulas are preferred because they last longer, have a lower risk of infection, and provide better blood flow for dialysis.