Neurology is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of nervous system disorders, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

Neurologists treat conditions such as stroke, epilepsy, migraines, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and other neurological disorders.

You should see a neurologist if you experience symptoms such as severe headaches, chronic pain, dizziness, numbness, tingling, muscle weakness, or problems with coordination or memory.

Neurologists use tests such as MRI, CT scans, EEG, EMG, nerve conduction studies, lumbar punctures, and blood tests to diagnose neurological conditions.

Neurologists diagnose and treat neurological disorders with medication and other non-surgical methods, while neurosurgeons perform surgical procedures on the brain, spine, and nerves.

Urology is a medical specialty that focuses on the urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra) and the male reproductive system (prostate, testicles, penis).

These can include pain or burning during urination, frequent urination, blood in the urine, difficulty emptying the bladder, urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, and lower back pain.

Risk factors include age, family history, lifestyle habits (smoking), and certain medical conditions (diabetes, high blood pressure).

Maintain a healthy weight, drink plenty of fluids, avoid smoking, and eat a balanced diet.

Tests may include urinalysis, urine culture, blood tests, imaging tests (ultrasound, CT scan), and urodynamic testing.

A craniotomy may be needed to treat brain tumors, aneurysms, epilepsy, or vascular malformations when other treatments are not effective.