Cystoscopy surgery involves using a cystoscope to examine the bladder and urethra, allowing for diagnosis and treatment of bladder conditions.

Urology is a medical specialty that focuses on the urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra) and the male reproductive system (prostate, testicles, penis).

These can include pain or burning during urination, frequent urination, blood in the urine, difficulty emptying the bladder, urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, and lower back pain.

Risk factors include age, family history, lifestyle habits (smoking), and certain medical conditions (diabetes, high blood pressure).

Maintain a healthy weight, drink plenty of fluids, avoid smoking, and eat a balanced diet.

Tests may include urinalysis, urine culture, blood tests, imaging tests (ultrasound, CT scan), and urodynamic testing.

HBsAg is a surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus, detected in the blood during HBV infection.

Individuals at risk of HBV infection or needing routine screening should undergo this test.

No, the test involves a simple blood draw, which may cause slight discomfort but is generally well-tolerated.

A positive result indicates the presence of HBV infection.

No, additional tests may be required to distinguish between acute and chronic infection.