Pain is managed with medication, and discomfort is usually minimal. Physical therapy helps alleviate stiffness and maintain joint mobility.

Risks include infection, bleeding, and the possibility of the fistula not maturing properly. Our surgeons take precautions to minimize these risks.

Symptoms may include confusion, fatigue, weakness, and in severe cases, coma.

Treatment involves reducing ammonia levels through medications and dietary changes.

Yes, certain medications, especially those metabolised by the liver, can influence ammonia levels.

Liver disease, kidney dysfunction, and urea cycle disorders can impact ammonia metabolism.

A blood sample is drawn from a vein in the arm and sent to a laboratory for analysis.