Urology is a medical specialty that focuses on the urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra) and the male reproductive system (prostate, testicles, penis).

These can include pain or burning during urination, frequent urination, blood in the urine, difficulty emptying the bladder, urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, and lower back pain.

Risk factors include age, family history, lifestyle habits (smoking), and certain medical conditions (diabetes, high blood pressure).

Maintain a healthy weight, drink plenty of fluids, avoid smoking, and eat a balanced diet.

Tests may include urinalysis, urine culture, blood tests, imaging tests (ultrasound, CT scan), and urodynamic testing.

Common types include total, subtotal, radical hysterectomy, and hysterectomy with salpingo-oophorectomy, using approaches like abdominal, vaginal, laparoscopic, or robotic surgery.

Appendectomy is needed when a patient has appendicitis, which can cause severe pain and lead to complications if untreated.