Chronic kidney disease is a long-term condition where the kidneys gradually lose function over time, leading to waste buildup in the body.

Common causes include diabetes, high blood pressure, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, and recurrent kidney infections.

Symptoms may include fatigue, swelling in ankles and feet, nausea, shortness of breath, confusion, and decreased urine output.

Diagnosis is made through blood tests, urine tests, imaging studies, and sometimes a kidney biopsy to assess kidney function and damage.

Treatments include medications to manage symptoms, lifestyle changes, dialysis, and in severe cases, kidney transplantation.

Cystectomy surgery involves the removal of all or part of the bladder to treat conditions such as bladder cancer or severe bladder dysfunction.

Recovery includes managing pain, following nasal care instructions, and attending follow-up appointments. Most patients experience improved breathing within a few weeks.