Spirometry is a lung function test that measures how much air you can inhale and exhale, and how quickly you can do it.

Wear loose clothing, avoid heavy meals or intense exercise before the test, and follow any specific instructions from your doctor.

No, spirometry is non-invasive and painless. You will be asked to breathe into a device, which may feel slightly uncomfortable but is not painful.

The test itself takes about 15-30 minutes. Results are usually available immediately or within a few hours.

The frequency depends on your health conditions and doctor’s recommendations. It may be performed regularly for ongoing monitoring or as needed for diagnosis.

Commonly replaced joints include the hip, knee, and shoulder. Partial joint replacements are also performed for specific cases.

Mammography is used to detect and diagnose breast cancer and other breast conditions by creating detailed images of the breast tissue.

Wear a two-piece outfit, avoid applying deodorant or powder, and inform the technologist about any implants or concerns.

The mammography test itself takes about 15 to 30 minutes.

Results are usually available within a few days. The radiologist reviews the images and sends the report to your healthcare provider.

Yes, mammography uses low-dose X-rays, which are considered safe. The benefits of early cancer detection far outweigh the minimal risks associated with the radiation exposure.