Varicose veins are enlarged, twisted veins that typically appear in the legs. They occur when the valves in the veins fail to function properly, causing blood to pool and the veins to swell.

Mandibular fixation surgery repairs fractures or dislocations of the jawbone using plates, screws, or wires to stabilize the bone.

Bypass surgery, also known as Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG), is a procedure to replace damaged or blocked arteries in the heart with blood vessels from another part of the body.

Patients with severe coronary artery disease, where the arteries are significantly narrowed or blocked, may need bypass surgery to improve blood flow to the heart.

A surgeon takes a healthy blood vessel from your leg, arm, or chest and connects it to the blocked coronary artery, bypassing the blocked section to improve blood flow.

Risks include infection, bleeding, heart attack, stroke, and reactions to anaesthesia, though serious complications are rare.

The surgery typically lasts between 3 to 6 hours, depending on the number of arteries being bypassed and the patient’s condition.