Pain is managed with medication, and discomfort is usually minimal. Physical therapy helps alleviate stiffness and maintain joint mobility.

Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.

They can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected person, animal, insect bites, or contaminated food and water.

Symptoms vary but often include fever, fatigue, muscle aches, cough, and digestive issues.

Diagnosis involves physical examinations, medical history review, and diagnostic tests such as blood tests, cultures, and imaging.

Treatments may include antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antiparasitics, and supportive care depending on the type of infection.

A craniotomy may be needed to treat brain tumors, aneurysms, epilepsy, or vascular malformations when other treatments are not effective.