Diagnosis is typically made using imaging techniques like MRI or CT scans, and may include a biopsy for definitive characterization.

Urology is a medical specialty that focuses on the urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra) and the male reproductive system (prostate, testicles, penis).

These can include pain or burning during urination, frequent urination, blood in the urine, difficulty emptying the bladder, urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, and lower back pain.

Risk factors include age, family history, lifestyle habits (smoking), and certain medical conditions (diabetes, high blood pressure).

Maintain a healthy weight, drink plenty of fluids, avoid smoking, and eat a balanced diet.

Tests may include urinalysis, urine culture, blood tests, imaging tests (ultrasound, CT scan), and urodynamic testing.

Symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, anemia, neurological changes, and cognitive impairments.

Treatment involves vitamin B12 supplementation through oral tablets or injections, depending on the severity of the deficiency.

Yes, diets low in animal products, such as vegan or vegetarian diets, can lead to vitamin B12 deficiency.

Frequency depends on individual risk factors and health conditions. Consult your healthcare provider for personalized advice.

The test involves a simple blood draw with minimal risks, such as slight bruising at the puncture site.