A high ratio may indicate proteinuria, which can be a sign of kidney damage or disease.

No special preparation is typically required, but it’s important to inform your healthcare provider about any medications you are taking.

A urine sample is collected in a clean container. No fasting or special dietary restrictions are needed.

The test is highly accurate in assessing kidney function and detecting proteinuria when performed correctly.

Abnormal results should be discussed with your healthcare provider, who will recommend further tests or treatment based on your overall health and symptoms.

Spirometry is a lung function test that measures how much air you can inhale and exhale, and how quickly you can do it.

Wear loose clothing, avoid heavy meals or intense exercise before the test, and follow any specific instructions from your doctor.

No, spirometry is non-invasive and painless. You will be asked to breathe into a device, which may feel slightly uncomfortable but is not painful.

The test itself takes about 15-30 minutes. Results are usually available immediately or within a few hours.

The frequency depends on your health conditions and doctor’s recommendations. It may be performed regularly for ongoing monitoring or as needed for diagnosis.

A positive result indicates the presence of IgM antibodies against Salmonella typhi, suggesting recent or current infection with typhoid fever.

Yes, the test is highly specific for detecting IgM antibodies specific to Salmonella typhi, providing reliable diagnostic information.

Yes, it primarily detects recent infections with Salmonella typhi due to the presence of IgM antibodies, which appear early in the course of infection.

No, fasting is not required for this test. However, follow any specific instructions provided by your healthcare provider.

Consult your healthcare provider for further evaluation and treatment. Antibiotic therapy is typically recommended for confirmed cases of typhoid fever.