Ophthalmologists treat a wide range of conditions including cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and refractive errors like nearsightedness and farsightedness.

Adults should have a comprehensive eye exam at least once every two years, or more frequently if advised by your eye doctor based on your age, health, and risk factors.

Signs include blurred vision, difficulty seeing objects up close or far away, frequent headaches, eye strain, and squinting.

An eye exam involves tests for visual acuity, assessment of eye muscle function, pupil response, and examination of the retina and optic nerve. It may include dilation to allow a better view of the back of the eye.

Regular eye exams, maintaining a healthy diet rich in antioxidants, protecting your eyes from UV rays with sunglasses, and avoiding smoking can help reduce the risk of eye diseases.

An AV fistula is a surgical connection between an artery and a vein, typically in the arm, used for hemodialysis.

The surgery duration varies based on the complexity but typically lasts between 2 to 6 hours.