Most varicose veins surgeries, especially minimally invasive procedures, involve minimal pain. Local anesthesia or sedation is used to ensure comfort during the procedure.

Risks include urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, infection, and bleeding. These risks vary depending on the patient’s overall health and the surgical technique used.

Symptoms may include confusion, fatigue, weakness, and in severe cases, coma.

Treatment involves reducing ammonia levels through medications and dietary changes.

Yes, certain medications, especially those metabolised by the liver, can influence ammonia levels.

Liver disease, kidney dysfunction, and urea cycle disorders can impact ammonia metabolism.

A blood sample is drawn from a vein in the arm and sent to a laboratory for analysis.