Urology is a medical specialty that focuses on the urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra) and the male reproductive system (prostate, testicles, penis).

These can include pain or burning during urination, frequent urination, blood in the urine, difficulty emptying the bladder, urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, and lower back pain.

Risk factors include age, family history, lifestyle habits (smoking), and certain medical conditions (diabetes, high blood pressure).

Maintain a healthy weight, drink plenty of fluids, avoid smoking, and eat a balanced diet.

Tests may include urinalysis, urine culture, blood tests, imaging tests (ultrasound, CT scan), and urodynamic testing.

Surgery is often recommended for hyperparathyroidism, which can cause elevated calcium levels in the blood and lead to various health issues.

The test involves collecting a stool sample, which is then cultured to identify pathogens. Sensitivity testing follows to determine effective antibiotics.

It can diagnose bacterial, parasitic, or fungal infections causing gastrointestinal symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever.

Results are typically available within a few days, depending on the growth rate of pathogens and antibiotic sensitivity testing.

The test involves minimal risk, mainly related to sample collection. It’s essential to follow proper hygiene and sample collection procedures.

No, this test specifically detects bacteria, parasites, and fungi. Viral infections require different diagnostic tests.