Fast for at least 8 hours before the test. Drink water as usual.

Yes, it helps diagnose diabetes by measuring fasting blood glucose levels.

Elevated levels may suggest diabetes or impaired glucose metabolism.

Yes, fasting is necessary for accurate results.

Results are typically available within a few hours to a day.

Chronic kidney disease is a long-term condition where the kidneys gradually lose function over time, leading to waste buildup in the body.

Common causes include diabetes, high blood pressure, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, and recurrent kidney infections.

Symptoms may include fatigue, swelling in ankles and feet, nausea, shortness of breath, confusion, and decreased urine output.

Diagnosis is made through blood tests, urine tests, imaging studies, and sometimes a kidney biopsy to assess kidney function and damage.

Treatments include medications to manage symptoms, lifestyle changes, dialysis, and in severe cases, kidney transplantation.

Techniques include implant-based reconstruction, autologous flap reconstruction, and a combination of both methods.